<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">umovest</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Статистика и Экономика</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Statistics and Economics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2500-3925</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Plekhanov Russian University of Economics</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21686/2500-3925-2025-5-4-18</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">umovest-1939</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫЕ СЧЕТА И МАКРОЭКОНОМИЧЕСКАЯ СТАТИСТИКА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>NATIONAL ACCOUNTS AND MACROECONOMIC STATISTICS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Анализ динамики платежного баланса Азербайджана с использованием модели коррекции ошибок</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Analysis of the Dynamics of Azerbaijan’s Balance of Payments Using Error Correction Model</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Айюбова</surname><given-names>Н. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ayyubova</surname><given-names>N. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Натаван Солтан Айюбова, к.э.н., доцент кафедры Математической экономики</p><p>Баку</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Natavan S. Ayyubova, Cand. Sci. (Economics), Associate Professor of the Department of Mathematical Economics</p><p>Baku</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">neyyubova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Бакинский Государственный Университет</institution><country>Азербайджан</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Baku State Universitety</institution><country>Azerbaijan</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>08</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>22</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>4</fpage><lpage>18</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Айюбова Н.С., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Айюбова Н.С.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Ayyubova N.S.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://statecon.rea.ru/jour/article/view/1939">https://statecon.rea.ru/jour/article/view/1939</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Цель исследования</title><p>Цель исследования. Анализ изменений динамики и структуры платежного баланса для разработки превентивных антикризисных мер является одной из важных и сложнейших задач регулирования экономики на государственном уровне. Растущее число научных работ, посвященных моделированию динамики, изучению взаимосвязи платежного баланса с различными эндогенными и экзогенными факторами, свидетельствует о важности и растущем интересе к этой теме.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Исходные временные ряды являются нестационарными. При переходе к временным рядам с разностями в этих рядах сохраняется информация, соответствующая только краткосрочным изменениям. А вся остальная информация, охватывающая долгосрочные изменения динамики, теряется при переходе к разностям. Возникшая ситуация требует правильного подхода к процессу моделирования рассматриваемых временных рядов. Период наблюдения исследования охватывает годовые данные с 1995 по 2023 год. Для решения поставленной задачи и характерного описания динамики развития платежного баланса в работе впервые проведен экономический анализ динамики платежного баланса по отдельным его статьям, с 2012 по 2021 год, в частности за 2020-2021 годы. Последующие шаги по расширенному эконометрическому анализу временных рядов были посвящены определению стационарности, переходу к разностям и построению векторных моделей коррекции ошибок. При выполнении коинтеграционного теста было выявлено его сочетание с тестом на стационарность. Были выполнены и проанализированы все необходимые тесты. Получены и проанализированы критические значения для этих статистик.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. В данной статье разрабатывается векторная модель коррекции ошибок, которая позволяет проводить анализ и моделирование более двух временных статистических рядов в указанном временном периоде. Векторная модель коррекции ошибок ограничивает динамику эндогенных факторов и направляет их на коинтеграционную связь. В статье рассматривается взаимосвязь между текущим счетом платежного баланса Азербайджана и мировыми ценами на нефть марок West Texas Intermediate и Brent.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. С помощью построенной векторной модели коррекции ошибок можно измерить отклонения от равновесия и скорость его восстановления. Очень медленное восстановление после срыва от шоковых реакций изменения мировых цен на нефть позволяет сделать вывод о наличии устойчивой, долгосрочной, равновесной взаимосвязи между изучаемыми временными рядами.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Purpose of the study</title><p>Purpose of the study. Analysis of changes in the dynamics and structure of the balance of payments to develop preventive anti-crisis measures is one of the important and most difficult tasks of regulating the economy at the state level. The growing number of scientific papers devoted to modeling dynamics, studying the relationship of the balance of payments with various endogenous and exogenous factors indicates the importance and growing interest in this topic.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. The original time series are nonstationary. When moving to time series with differences, information corresponding only to short-term changes is stored in these series. And all other information covering long-term changes in dynamics is lost when moving to differences. The situation that has arisen requires a correct approach to the process of modeling the time series under consideration. The observation period of the study covers annual data from 1995 to 2023. To solve the problem and to provide a characteristic description of the dynamics of the development of the balance of payments, the paper first carried out an economic analysis of the dynamics of the balance of payments for its individual articles, from 2012 to 2021, in particular for 2020-2021. Subsequent steps for advanced econometric analysis of time series were devoted to the determination of stationarity, the transition to differences, and the construction of vector error correction models. When performing the cointegration test, its combination with the stationarity test was revealed. All necessary tests were performed and analyzed. Critical values for these statistics were obtained and analyzed.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. This article develops a vector error correction model that allows the analysis and modeling of more than two – time statistical series in a specified time period. VECM limits the dynamics of endogenous factors and directs them to a cointegration relationship. The paper examines the relationship between the current account of the balance of payments of Azerbaijan and world prices for West Texas Intermediate and Brent oil.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. Using the constructed VECM, it is possible to measure deviations from equilibrium and the rate of its restoration. The very slow recovery after the disruption from the shock reactions of changes in world oil prices allows us to conclude that there is a stable, longterm, equilibrium relationship between the time series under study.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>эконометрическое моделирование</kwd><kwd>платежный баланс</kwd><kwd>цены на нефть</kwd><kwd>стационарность</kwd><kwd>коинтеграция</kwd><kwd>модель коррекции ошибок</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>econometric modeling</kwd><kwd>payment balance</kwd><kwd>oil prices</kwd><kwd>stationarity</kwd><kwd>cointegration</kwd><kwd>error correction model</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aghevli B. B. The Balance of Payments and Money Supply Under the Gold Standard Regime: U.S. 1879-1914 [Электрон. ресурс]. The American Economic Review. 1975. № 65(1). С. 40–58. Режим доступа: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1806395.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aghevli B. B. The Balance of Payments and Money Supply Under the Gold Standard Regime: U.S. 1879-1914 [Internet]. The American Economic Review. 1975; 65(1): 40–58. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1806395.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alexander S. S. Effects of a Devaluation on a Trade Balance [Электрон. ресурс]. IMF Staff Papers. 1952. № 2(2). С. 263–278. Режим доступа: https://econpapers.repec.org/RePEc:pal:imfstp:v:2:y:1952:i:2:p:263-278.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alexander S. S. Effects of a Devaluation on a Trade Balance [Internet]. IMF Staff Papers. 1952; 2(2): 263–278. Available from: https://econpapers.repec.org/RePEc:pal:imfstp:v:2:y:1952:i:2:p:263-278.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Blecker R. A., &amp; Ibarra C. A. Trade liberalization and the balance of payments constraint with intermediate imports: The case of Mexico revisited. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics. 2013. № 25. С. 33–47. DOI: 10.1016/j.strueco.2013.02.001/.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Blecker R. A., &amp; Ibarra C. A. Trade liberalization and the balance of payments constraint with intermediate imports: The case of Mexico revisited. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics. 2013; 25: 33–47. DOI: 10.1016/j.strueco.2013.02.001/.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Eita J. H., &amp; Gaomab M. H. Macroeconomic Determinants of Balance of Payments in Namibia // International Journal of Business and Management. 2012. № 7(3). DOI: 10.5539/ijbm.v7n3p173.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Eita J. H., &amp; Gaomab M. H. Macroeconomic Determinants of Balance of Payments in Namibia. International Journal of Business and Management. 2012: 7(3). DOI: 10.5539/ijbm.v7n3p173.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ozdamar G. Factors Affecting Current Account Balance of Turkey: A Survey with The CointegratingRegression Analysis // Journal of Business, Economics and Finance. 2015. № 4(4). С. 633–658. DOI: 10.17261/Pressacademia.2015414533.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ozdamar G. Factors Affecting Current Account Balance of Turkey: A Survey with The Cointegrating Regression Analysis. Journal of Business, Economics and Finance. 2015; 4(4): 633–658. DOI: 10.17261/Pressacademia.2015414533.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abdul Hadi Sultani &amp; Faisal U. The Impact of Macroeconomic Indicators on the Balance of Payments: Empirical Evidence from Afghanistan // Annals of Financial Economics. 2023. Т. 18. № 02. DOI: 10.1142/S2010495222500324.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abdul Hadi Sultani &amp; Faisal U. The Impact of Macroeconomic Indicators on the Balance of Payments: Empirical Evidence from Afghanistan. Annals of Financial Economics. 2023; 18: 02. DOI: 10.1142/S2010495222500324.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Céspedes L., Chang R. Velasco A. Balance Sheets, Exchange Rate Regimes, and Credible Monetary Policy [Электрон. ресурс]. Harvard University and NBER. 2001. Режим доступа: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.203.1042&amp;rep=rep1&amp;type=pdf.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Céspedes L., Chang R. Velasco A. Balance Sheets, Exchange Rate Regimes, and Credible Monetary Policy [Internet]. Harvard University and NBER. 2001. Available from: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.203.1042&amp;rep=rep1&amp;type=pdf.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Полбин А.В. Оценка влияния шоков нефтяных цен на российскую экономику в векторной модели коррекции ошибок // Вопросы экономики. 2017. № 10. С. 27–49. DOI: 10.32609/0042-8736-2017-10-27-49.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Polbin A. V. Assessing the Impact of Oil Price Shocks on the Russian Economy in a Vector Error Correction Model. Voprosy ekonomiki = Voprosy Ekonomiki. 2017; 10: 27-49. DOI: 10.32609/0042-8736-2017-10-27-49. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мельников Р. М. Влияние динамики цен на нефть на макроэкономические показатели российской экономики // Прикладная эконометрика. 2010. № 1(17).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mel’nikov R. M. The Impact of Oil Price Dynamics on Macroeconomic Indicators of the Russian Economy. Prikladnaya ekonometrika = Applied Econometrics. 2010: 1(17). (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Михайлов А.Ю.,Бураков Д.В., Диденко В.Ю. Взаимосвязь цен на нефть и макроэкономических показателей в России // Финансы: теория и практика. 2019. № 23(2). С. 105–116. DOI: 10.26794/2587-5671-2019-23-2-105-116.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mikhaylov A. Yu., Burakov D. V., Didenko V. Yu. The Relationship Between Oil Prices and Macroeconomic Indicators in Russia. Finansy: teoriya i praktika = Finance: Theory and Practice. 2019; 23(2): 105-116. DOI: 10.26794/2587-5671-2019-23-2-105-116. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Оруджев Э.К., Айюбова Н.С. Эмпирический анализ факторов влияния на платежный баланс в Азербайджане // Actual Problems in Economics. 2016. № 181. C. 400–411. https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/empirical-analysis-factors-affecting-balance/docview/1812274952/se-2.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Orudzhev E. K., Ayyubova N. S. Empirical analysis of factors affecting the balance of payments in Azerbaijan. Actual Problems in Economics. 2016; 181: 400-411. https://www.proquest.com/scholarlyjournals/empirical-analysis-factors-affectingbalance/docview/1812274952/se-2.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Айюбова Н.С. Эконометрический анализ и моделирование динамики платежного баланса в Азербайджане // Статистика и Экономика. 2022. № 19(2). С. 14–22. DOI: 10.21686/2500-3925-2022-2-14-22.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ayyubova N. S. Econometric analysis and modeling of the balance of payments dynamics in Azerbaijan. Statistika i Ekonomika = Statistics and Economics. 2022; 19(2): 14-22. DOI: 10.21686/2500-3925-2022-2-14-22. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Айюбова Н.С. Об измерении коинтеграционных соотношений между показателями временных рядов текущего счета платежного баланса и ВВП (на примере Азербайджанской Республики) // Вопросы статистики. 2022. № 29(5). С. 35–45. DOI: 10.34023/2313-6383-2022-29-5-35-45.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ayyubova N. S. On Measuring Cointegration Relationships between Time Series Indicators of the Current Account, Balance of Payments, and GDP (on the Example of the Republic of Azerbaijan). Voprosy statistiki = Bulletin of Statistics. 2022; 29(5): 35-45. DOI: 10.34023/2313-6383-2022-29-5-35-45. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Айюбова Н.С. Анализ влияния мировых цен на нефть на ВВП (на примере Азербайджанской республики) // Статистика и Экономика. 2023. № 20(2). С. 22–41. DOI: 10.21686/2500-3925-2023-2-21-40.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ayyubova N. S. Analysis of the impact of world oil prices on GDP (using the Azerbaijan Republic as an example). Statistika i Ekonomika = Statistics and Economics. 2023; 20(2): 22-41. DOI: 10.21686/2500-3925-2023-2-21-40. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Айюбова Н.С. Векторная модель коррекций ошибок для оценки влияния мировых цен нефти на ВВП Азербайджанской Республики // «Известия Санкт-Петербургского Государственного Экономического Университета», Периодический научный журнал, Санкт-Петербург. 2023. № 1(139). C. 25–31.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ayyubova N. S. Vector Model of Error Corrections for Assessing the Impact of World Oil Prices on the GDP of the Republic of Azerbaijan. «Izvestiya Sankt-Peterburgskogo Gosudarstvennogo Ekonomicheskogo Universiteta», Periodicheskiy nauchnyy zhurnal, Sankt-Peterburg = Bulletin of the St. Petersburg State University of Economics, Periodical Scientific Journal, St. Petersburg. 2023; 1(139): 25-31. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Баранов А.О. Оценка факторов, определяющих динамику платежного баланса России [Электрон. ресурс] // Мир экономики и управления. 2011. № 11(4). С. 5–23. Режим доступа: https://woeam.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/564.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baranov A. O. Assessing Factors Determining the Dynamics of Russia’s Balance of Payments [Internet]. Mir ekonomiki i upravleniya = World of Economics and Management. 2011; 11(4): 5-23. Available from: https://woeam.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/564. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Charles A., Chua C.L., Darné O. et al. On the pernicious effects of oil price uncertainty on US real economic activities. 2020. С. 2689–2715. DOI: 10.1007/s00181-019-01801-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Charles A., Chua C. L., Darné O. et al. On the pernicious effects of oil price uncertainty on US real economic activities. 2020. S. 2689–2715. DOI: 10.1007/s00181-019-01801-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кравцов М.К., Бурдыко Н.М., Гаспадарец О.И. и др. Эконометрическая макромодель для анализа и прогнозирования важнейших показателей белорусской экономики // Прикладная эконометрика. 2008. № 2. C. 21–43.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kravtsov M. K., Burdyko N. M., Gaspadarets O. I. et al. Econometric Macromodel for Analysis and Forecasting of the Most Important Indicators of the Belarusian Economy. Prikladnaya ekonometrika = Applied Econometrics. 2008; 2: 21-43. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Orudzhev E., Mammadova L. Prediction of EUR/AZN exchange rate dynamics on the basis of spectral characteristics // Journal of International Studies. 2020. № 13(2). С. 242–258. DOI: 10.14254/2071–8330.2020/13–2/17.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Orudzhev E., Mammadova L. Prediction of EUR/AZN exchange rate dynamics on the basis of spectral characteristics. Journal of International Studies. 2020; 13(2): 242–258. DOI: 10.14254/2071–8330.2020/13–2/17.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Карпова Т.П., Карпова В.В. Принципы построения и прогнозные возможности расчетно-платежного баланса // Финансы: теория и практика. 2015. № 1. С. 37–53. DOI: 10.26794/2587-5671-2015-0-1-37-53.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Karpova T. P., Karpova V. V. Principles of construction and forecasting capabilities of the balance of payments. Finansy: teoriya i praktika = Finance: Theory and Practice. 2015; 1: 37-53. DOI: 10.26794/2587-5671-2015-0-1-37-53. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ospanov N., Almagambetova M. et al. Analysis of the capital account flows by the economy sectors // Working Papers. National Bank of Kazakhstan. 2021. № 6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ospanov N., Almagambetova M. et al. Analysis of the capital account flows by the economy sectors. Working Papers. National Bank of Kazakhstan. 2021: 6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Чалдаева Л.А., Чинаева Т.И., Богопольский А.С. Анализ финансово-экономических показателей, характеризующих деятельность организаций нефтегазовой отрасли // Статистика и Экономика. 2020. № 17(1). С. 69–78. DOI: 10.21686/2500-3925-2020-1-69-78.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chaldayeva L. A., Chinayeva T. I., Bogopol’skiy A. S. Analysis of financial and economic indicators characterizing the activities of organizations in the oil and gas industry. Statistika i Ekonomika = Statistics and Economics. 2020; 17(1): 69-78. DOI: 10.21686/2500-3925-2020-1-69-78. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">The balance of payments of Azerbaijan was announced [Электрон. ресурс] // Marja is a business and financial news agency. Режим доступа: https://marja.az/76138/azerbaycanin-tediyyebalansi-aciqlandi.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">The balance of payments of Azerbaijan was announced [Internet]. Marja is a business and financial news agency. Available from: https://marja.az/76138/azerbaycanin-tediyye-balansi-aciqlandi.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">What is happening in Azerbaijan’s balance of payments? // Banker news agency [Электрон. ресурс]. Режим доступа: https://banker.az/az%C9%99rbaycanin-t%C9%99diyy%C9%99-balansinda-n%C9%99-bas-verir/.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">What is happening in Azerbaijan’s balance of payments? Banker news agency [Internet]. Available from: https://banker.az/az%C9%99rbaycanin-t%C9%99diyy%C9%99-balansinda-n%C9%99-bas-verir/.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Macroeconomic statistics // Central Bank of Azerbaijan [Электрон. ресурс]. Режим доступа: https://www.cbar.az/page-41/macroeconomicindicators.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Macroeconomic statistics. Central Bank of Azerbaijan [Internet]. Available from: https://www.cbar.az/page-41/macroeconomic-indicators.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Average annual West Texas Intermediate (WTI) crude oil price from 1976 to 2024 // Empowering people with data [Электрон. ресурс]. Режим доступа: https://www.statista.com/statistics/266659/west-texas-intermediate-oilprices/.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Average annual West Texas Intermediate (WTI) crude oil price from 1976 to 2024. Empowering people with data [Internet]. Available from: https://www.statista.com/statistics/266659/west-texas-intermediate-oil-prices/.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Average annual Brent crude oil price from 1976 to 2024 // Empowering people with data. [Электрон. ресурс]. Режим доступа:https://www.statista.com/statistics/262860/uk-brent-crude-oilprice-changes-since-1976/.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Average annual Brent crude oil price from 1976 to 2024. Empowering people with data. [Internet]. Available from:https://www.statista.com/statistics/262860/uk-brent-crude-oil-price-changessince-1976/.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Айюбова Н.С. Анализ коинтеграционных связей между платежным балансом Азербайджана и мировыми ценами на нефть // Финансы: теория и практика. 2025. № 29(1). С. 68–79. DOI: 10.26794/2587-5671-2025-29-1-68-79.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ayyubova N. S. Analysis of cointegration relationships between the balance of payments of Azerbaijan and world oil prices. Finansy: teoriya i praktika = Finance: Theory and Practice. 2025; 29(1): 68-79. DOI: 10.26794/2587-5671-2025-29-1-68-79. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kонторович Г.Г. Лекции: Анализ временных рядов [Электрон. ресурс] // Экономический журнал Высшей школы экономики, НИУ ВШЭ. 2003. Т. 7. № 1. С. 79–103. Режим доступа: https://ej.hse.ru/en/2003-7-1/26547295.html.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kontorovich G. G. Lectures: Time Series Analysis [Internet]. Ekonomicheskiy zhurnal Vysshey shkoly ekonomiki, NIU VSHE = Economic Journal of the Higher School of Economics, National Research University Higher School of Economics. 2003; 7; 1: 79-103. Available from: https://ej.hse.ru/en/2003-7-1/26547295.html. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dickey D.A., Fuller W.A. Distribution of Estimators for Autoregressive Time Series with a Unit Root // Journal of the American Statistical Association. 1979. № 74. С. 427–431. DOI: 10.2307/2286348.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dickey D.A., Fuller W.A. Distribution of Estimators for Autoregressive Time Series with a Unit Root. Journal of the American Statistical Association. 1979; 74; 427-431. DOI: 10.2307/2286348.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Beck N., Katz J. N. What to do (and not to do) with Time-Series Cross Section Data // The American Political Science Review. 1995. № 89(3). С. 634–647. DOI: 10.2307/2082979.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Beck N., Katz J. N. What to do (and not to do) with Time-Series Cross Section Data. The American Political Science Review. 1995; 89(3): 634–647. DOI: 10.2307/2082979.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Johansen S. Statistical Analysis of Cointegration Vector // Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control. 1988. № 12. C. 231–254. DOI: 10.1016/0165-1889(88)90041-3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Johansen S. Statistical Analysis of Cointegration Vector. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control. 1988; 12: 231-254. DOI: 10.1016/0165-1889(88)90041-3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Banerjee Anindya, Dolado Juan J., Galbraith John W., &amp; Hendry David. CoIntegration, Error Correction, аnd the Econometric Analysis of Non-Stationary Data // The Economic Journal. 1993. № 106(439). DOI: 10.1093/0198288107.003.0001.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Banerjee Anindya, Dolado Juan J., Galbraith John W., &amp; Hendry David. Co-Integration, Error Correction, аnd the Econometric Analysis of Non-Stationary Data. The Economic Journal. 1993; 106(439). DOI: 10.1093/0198288107.003.0001.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ariza J., Montes-Rojas G. Decomposition methods for analyzing inequality changes in Latin America 2002–2014. 2019. С. 2043–2078. DOI: 10.1007/s00181-018-1518-4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ariza J., Montes-Rojas G. Decomposition methods for analyzing inequality changes in Latin America 2002–2014. 2019: 2043–2078. DOI: 10.1007/s00181-018-1518-4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
